Written by Mary Free, Extension Master Gardener (Repost)
The month of March is a good time to talk about the shamrock, a symbol often associated with Ireland and Saint Patrick’s Day. In Gaelic, shamrock translates to “seamrag,” which also means trefoil or clover. There is some debate over whether this celebrated plant is Trifolium dubium (small hop or yellow clover) or Trifolium repens (white clover), both native to Europe but now widespread in the United States.
Small hop clover has yellow flower heads and tear-shaped, trifoliate leaves. White, v-shaped “watermarks” sometimes distinguish the egg-shaped leaflets of white clover. Its tiny, white florets, which appear in ¾” heads, serve as the major nectar source for clover honey. White clover is a nectar plant for a variety of pollinators. When its seeds are mixed with grasses, it serves as excellent forage for livestock. Although it also makes a lovely natural lawn, some of us may remember these plants as lawn weeds, through which we searched for four-leafed clovers as children.
White clover occasionally produces four leaflets instead of three. [Even less frequently, mutations may occur with more than four leaflets.] However, there is a plant known as “lucky clover,” on which each and every leaf has four leaflets. In fact, it is not a clover at all; Oxalis tetraphylla (iron cross) is in the wood-sorrel family. Often purchased as a houseplant, this Mexican native has four, dark green leaflets with maroon centers and pinkish-red flowers. Planted outdoors as an ornamental, it prefers sun to part shade and is hardy to Zone 8. Although if mulched it might survive a mild winter in Zone 7 (Arlington and Alexandria are in Zone 7A), overwintering the bulbs in a cool place indoors and replanting them in spring is more reliable. It also makes a stunning companion to Oxalis triangularis.
Photo by Dick Culbert CC BY 2.0
Photo © Mary Free
Many illustrations and advertisements depict the shamrock with three green, heart-shaped, instead of oval-shaped, leaflets. The heart-shaped leaves are representative of Oxalis, not clover, as in Oxalis stricta (common yellow wood-sorrel). Like the other Oxalis mentioned here, it exhibits nyctinasty—each leaflet folds in half at night and opens again in the morning (note the folded leaflets behind the firefly above). Also, like the others, its leaves and flowers are edible and used to flavor and decorate soups and salads and quench thirst. Oxalis contains oxalic acid, though, which can interfere with calcium absorption and cause the formation of kidney stones, so its use in the diet should be spare. It too could potentially harm individuals with certain health issues (e.g., kidney problems, rheumatoid arthritis, etc). Boiling or blanching leaches some percent of soluble oxalates into the cooking water, potentially reducing negative effects.
Native to much of the United States (although perhaps adventive in some of the west), this annual/perennial wildflower grows up to 6” tall and produces cymes of 3–15 small, five-petaled, yellow flowers. Mostly, though, it produces angst amongst nurseries and landscapers who consider yellow wood-sorrel an aggressive weed.
In container plants, hand weeding (before it produces fruit capsules that at a touch can split open, rapidly shooting out seeds up to 10 feet away—watch Woodsorrel Explosion video) and mulching prove the most effective controls for yellow wood-sorrel. In lawns, good cultural practices offer the best defense: establishing a dense turf by choosing the right grass for your yard and maintaining it properly. When that does not work, herbicides may be effective in controlling weeds like Oxalis and white clover if the correct ones are applied at the correct time (i.e., primarily pre-emergence herbicides for Oxalis, only post-emergence herbicides for white clover). Chemicals, though, could harm other plants, animals, or water quality so they must be chosen and used with great care.
Clover or wood-sorrel, wildflower or weed, which shamrock(s) will you welcome into your yard?
NOTE: Plants in the wild should not be eaten without consulting an expert or authoritative field guides for information on identification and food preparation. It is easy to confuse plants in the wild, so you should be 100% sure they are edible before consuming them. Remember:
- Just because a plant is not identified as toxic does not mean that it is safe to eat.
- Sometimes only certain parts of a plant are edible and other parts of the same plant are toxic.
- Sometimes parts are only edible at a certain time in their life cycle or when prepared in a certain way.
For information on the use of herbicides or specific weed control products, call the Virginia Cooperative Extension office at (703) 228-6400 or consult VCE’s Pest Management Guide.
NOTE: A post under the same title originally appeared on March 17, 2012. In subsequent reposts, new pictures were added and text updated.